Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature.

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1)  Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature. Why do we also need psychology?

 

1. A) Writers and philosophers ignore maladjusted
2. B) Psychology allows a systematic understanding of human C) Writers and philosophers ignore human motivation.
3. D) Psychology is concerned with values, which writers and philosophers

 

 

2)  Which of the following kinds of questions are not addressed by personality theory?

 

1. A) questions about personality dynamics B) questions about personality description C) questions about personality development D)  questions about personality diffusion

 

 

3)  When we ask, “How do people adjust to their life situations?” and “How does their thought affect what they do,” we are asking questions about the

               of personality.

 

1. A) destiny
2. B) dynamics
3. C) development
4. D) description

 

 

4)  A diagnosis, made by a clinician, describes a person using

 

1. A) a
2. B) non-scientific C) a trait.
3. D) a factor.

 

 

5)  A hypothesis is

 

1. A) a proposal to change the way personality is developed, based on theoretical considerations.
2. B) a statement saying how a theoretical construct can be C) a prediction about observations in research.
3. D) an abstract statement telling how two theoretical constructs are

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

6)  Which statement best describes the relationship between theory and research?

 

1. A) When research has become sophisticated, with good measuring instruments, theory is no longer necessary.
2. B) Theory influences research by suggesting research ideas, but research has no impact on theory.
3. C) Theory and research mutually influence one another.
4. D) Theory and research are separate disciplines within personality psychology.

 

 

7)  A researcher is interested in testing the proposition that watching a lot of television causes increased aggressiveness among children at school. This can be tested by conducting an experiment in which the independent variable is

 

1. A) watching a lot of B) aggressiveness.
2. C) being in D) age.

 

 

8)  A               is a conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenom- ena.

 

1. A) theory
2. B) psychological test
3. C) variable
4. D) theoretical construct

 

 

9)  Tests, such as inkblot tests, which ask people to respond to ambiguous stimu- li, are called

 

1. A) self-report B) projective tests.
2. C) behavioral D) response measures.

 

 

10) Material that is not in awareness at a particular time, but that can readily be recalled if we try, is

 

1. A) B) preconscious. C)       conscious.
2. D)

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

11) Hypnosis is best described as

 

1. A) an epileptic-like B) a fraudulent claim.
2. C) a separate state of D) a state of great suggestibility.

 

 

12) The id functions according to

 

1. A) tertiary
2. B) secondary C) primary process.
3. D) the reality

 

13) Which of the defense mechanisms listed below is the most primitive? A) rationalization

1. B) identification
2. C) denial
3. D) projection

 

 

14) A person who unconsciously hates a sibling, but consciously feels only love for the sibling, is using the defense mechanism of

 

1. A)
2. B) C) isolation.
3. D) reaction

 

 

15) Attitudes toward money are, according to psychoanalytic theory, related to development during the                stage.

 

1. A) phallic
2. B) anal
3. C) oral
4. D) latency

 

 

16) Sex roles, according to Freud, are learned at about age

 

1. A) B) ten.
2. C) D) four.

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

17)  Experimental research on memory finds that

 

1. A) false memories can be created in highly neurotic subjects, but not in those who are psychologically well-adjusted.
2. B) through suggestion, research subjects report false memories of being lost in a shopping
3. C) true memories and false memories can easily be distinguished using brain scans.
4. D) false memories of childhood sexual abuse are easily created under laboratory conditions.

 

 

18) Modern researchers report that

 

1. A) stress impairs animals’ memory in experimental
2. B) psychotic delusions are accompanied by changes in brain C) traumatic stress can influence brain functioning in humans.
3. D) all of the above

 

 

19) The fact that Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed himself within the Christian symbols of his own heritage, rather than using symbols from other religious traditions,

 

1. A) was evidence that he had not developed to his full
2. B) was consistent with Jung’s advice that people stay within the symbols and mythology of their own
3. C) would have been a disappointment to D) shows that he was prejudiced.

 

 

20) Compared to Freud, Jung’s theory is

 

1. A) more concerned with early childhood B) mystical.
2. C) less concerned with heredity. D) highly

 

 

21) When Jung and Freud first met

 

1. A) they had much to talk about (13 hours worth!).
2. B) they argued, and decided they could not be C) they planned to set up a joint therapy clinic.
3. D) Jung asked to be Freud’s

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

22)  Jung refers to the total, integrated personality as

 

1. A) the B) the Self.
2. C) the
3. D) the Great Mother.

 

 

23) Individuation is the process of

 

1. A) finding a social identity.
2. B) discovering one’s major personality C) re-centering in adult development.
3. D) finding the one individual who will be a life-long love partner.

 

 

24) Jung suggested that the center of personality ought to be

 

1. A) balanced between the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality. B) in the unconscious aspects of personality.
2. C) in the conscious aspects of personality. D) outside of personality.

 

 

25) According to Jung, prejudice against racial minorities involves projection of the

 

1. A) shadow.
2. B) dominant C) animus.
3. D)

 

 

26) A patient who has conflicted, unconscious, emotional ideas about his or her mother is said (in Jungian theory) to have

 

1. A) an
2. B) a mother C) a Great Mother.
3. D) a

 

 

27) Jung devised the Word Association Test in order to explore

 

1. A) the collective B) complexes.
2. C) active D) transference.

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

28) Research on early memories

 

1. A) shows that they are not important, and that Adler’s predictions were not con- firmed.
2. B) has not been
3. C) confirms that they correlate with many D) shows that early memories are usually inaccurate.

 

 

29) Which phrase did Adler use to refer to people who do not develop in a healthy way?

 

1. A) retarded
2. B) neurotic misfits
3. C) mistaken styles of life
4. D) psychologically underdeveloped

 

30) Adler categorized delinquents as                type people. A) brutal

1. B) getting
2. C) ruling
3. D) aggressive

 

 

31) Adler recommended that parents should

 

1. A) indulge their
2. B) teach their children about sex C) avoid pampering their children.
3. D) punish any early signs of homosexuality.

 

 

32) The most favorable birth order, according to Adler, is the

 

1. A) youngest B) first-born.
2. C) second-born. D) only

 

 

33) Adler’s major criterion for psychological health is

 

1. A) creativity.
2. B) the absence of anxiety.
3. C) high achievement in D) social interest.

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

34) Adlerian therapy aims to increase people’s

 

1. A) social
2. B) ability to recall C) self-disclosure.
3. D)

 

 

35) The term “family constellation” refers to

 

1. A) the number, age, and sex of
2. B) the fact that grandparents are also important in determining personality. C) the family’s beliefs about who is the “star.”
3. D) the genetics of personality.

 

 

36) In his epigenetic principle, Erikson compared development with

 

1. A) an actor or actress learning a B) the biological development of a fetus. C) the spiritual development of a soul.
2. D) the motion of objects as described in

 

37) In Erikson’s third psychosocial stage, the child acts in a(n)                 mode. A) incorporative

1. B) intrusive
2. C) incompetent
3. D) selfish

 

 

38) According to Erikson’s theory, a sense of inferiority is particularly likely to develop during the                stage of development.

 

1. A) second B) fourth C) third
2. D) fifth

 

 

39) Teenagers who are rebellious, nonconforming, and philosophically concerned are typical of those in the category of                on Marcia’s measure.

 

1. A) Moratorium
2. B) Identity Achiever
3. C) Foreclosure
4. D) Identity Diffusion

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

40) Research finds that people are more likely to be concerned with helping other people, through work or political activity or social activism, if they are high in

 

1. A) integrity. B) autonomy. C)
2. D) generativity.

 

 

41) According to Erikson, the crisis of infancy is

 

1. A) life or
2. B) autonomy or C) eat or throw up.
3. D) trust or

 

 

42) The experience of basic anxiety is the feeling of being                in a poten- tially helpless world.

 

1. A) loved but challenged
2. B) armed and dangerous
3. C) responsible and in charge
4. D) isolated and helpless

 

 

43) Which of the following is not one of the three interpersonal orientations de- scribed by Horney?

 

1. A) moving alongside
2. B) moving against
3. C) moving away
4. D) moving toward

 

 

44) People who adopt the resignation solution are seeking

 

1. A) self-actualization. B)
2. C) mastery. D)

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

45)  Culture, according to Horney, encourages women to develop

 

1. A) fear of B) fear of men.
2. C) fear of D) fear of success.

 

 

46) Research on the relationship between sex role orientation and mental health shows that

 

1. A) psychological femininity is associated with higher mental health in women, but not in
2. B) psychological masculinity is associated with higher mental health in both sexes.
3. C) psychological masculinity is associated with higher mental health in men, but not in
4. D) psychological femininity is associated with higher mental health in both

 

 

47) Which interpersonal orientation(s) does a healthy person use, according to

Horney?

 

1. A) moving toward, against, and away
2. B) moving away, but not toward or against C) moving toward, but not against or away D) moving against, but not toward or away

 

 

48)  Allport grew up in

 

1. A)
2. B) an C) India.
3. D) the American

 

 

49) Allport described                traits as traits that are possessed by only one person.

 

1. A) common B) individual C) cardinal
2. D) central

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

50) Secondary traits describe ways in which

 

1. A) people try to get their own way in competitive B) personality can be measured by questionnaire.
2. C) people are inferior to
3. D) people are consistent, but in ways that affect few

 

 

51) According to Allport, there is little personality change after age                  

years.

 

A)	30
B)	18
C)	5
D)	3

 

 

52) Instead of “intrinsic  religious orientation,” Batson suggests that “                ”

leads people to non-judgmental concern for helping others.

 

1. A) Christianity
2. B) religious fundamentalism
3. C) religion as quest
4. D) extrinsic religious orientation

 

 

53) In their classic study of rumor transmission, Allport and Postman found that

 

1. A) eyewitnesses are more accurate than is generally B) rumor transmission cannot be studied in the laboratory.
2. C) often a black was reported, wrongly, to have been holding a D) rumors increase the amount of violence, the more they are retold.

 

54) A               procedure predicts behavior from several variables at once. A) statistical

1. B) correlational
2. C) MAVA
3. D) multivariate

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

55) Cattell thought that                 factors were required to make good prediction of behavior.

 

A)	16
B)	2
C)	10
D)	5

 

 

56) Constitutional, dynamic source traits such as anger, curiosity, and fear are called

 

1. A) B) attitudes.
2. C) D) ergs.

 

 

57) Connie is imaginative and artistic, and more liberal and broad-minded than most people. The factor that best describes her is

 

1. A) agreeableness
2. B) neuroticism C) extraversion D) openness

 

 

58) Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and posi- tive emotions are                of extraversion.

 

1. A) facets
2. B) opposites
3. C) operational definitions
4. D) invalidation

 

 

59) Cattell’s major contribution has been to

 

1. A) social psychology. B) psychotherapy.
2. C) interview D) measurement.

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

60) Evolutionary theory has implications for

 

1. A)
2. B) sexual behavior. C)
3. D) all of the above

 

 

61) The sexes differ in attitudes toward sexual promiscuity, according to evolu- tionary theory, because of

 

1. A) parental uncertainty.
2. B) differences in the age of puberty. C) differences in parental D) different social norms.

 

 

62) Evolution selects for parents who

 

1. A) abuse their B) nurture their children. C) have only one child.
2. D) adopt

 

 

63) High levels of BIS activity are associated with

 

1. A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. B) anxiety.
2. C) criminal behavior. D) all of the above

 

 

64) In J. A. Gray’s theory, low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are associ- ated with

 

1. A)
2. B) goal-directed behavior. C) reward dependency.
3. D) harm

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

65) Tiger Woods’ ability to hit a golf ball well is an example of which component of the Basic Behavioral Repertoire?

 

1. A) Language-Cognitive B) Motor-Conditional C) Sensory-Motor
2. D) Emotional-Motivational

 

 

66) Matthew has learned to tease his little sister, Jane. When he first meets his cousin, Sarah, he teases her, too. What learning concept best explains this teasing of Sarah?

 

1. A) discrimination
2. B) negative reinforcement
3. C) generalization
4. D) ratio schedule reinforcement

 

 

67) A shortcoming of continuous reinforcement is that it produces learning that is

 

1. A) difficult to
2. B) impossible to generalize to new C) not measurable by observers.
3. D) not resistant to

 

 

68) The first step in behavior modification is

 

1. A) making a functional analysis of the behavior to be B) selecting a reinforcer.
2. C) deciding on a schedule of D) extinguishing the undesirable behavior.

 

 

69) Staats developed a theory called

 

 

1. A)
2. B) behavioral psychology.
3. C) psychological D) repertory psychoanalysis.

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

70) In addition to Freud’s first three psychosexual stages, Dollard and

Miller described a fourth stage, concerned with conflict over

 

 

1. A) sex B) playmates. C) siblings.
2. D) anger.

 

 

 

71) Dollard and Miller postulated that interfering with an organism’s be- havior which would reduce a drive (for example, preventing a hungry animal from eating) would produce

 

1. A) B) apathy.
2. C)
3. D) discrimination

 

 

 

72) Language is, for Dollard and Miller, the key to understanding Freudian

                processes.

 

 

1. A) superego
2. B) id
3. C) ego
4. D) defensive

 

 

 

73) Expressing difficult emotions by writing about them has been shown to

 

 

1. A) increase physical health
2. B) reduce feelings of anxiety
3. C) reduce feelings of depression
4. D) all of the above

 

 

 

74) Miller and Dollard suggested that “in order to learn, one must want some- thing, notice something,               something, and get something.”

 

1. A) decide
2. B) do
3. C) give
4. D) ask for

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

75) The term consistency paradox refers to

 

1. A) the paradox that most personality theories seem to be saying the same thing, only in different
2. B) the challenge of understanding how people can develop across a lifetime yet still remain
3. C) the discrepancy between research, which shows that people act differently in different situations, and common sense, which says they are
4. D) people’s efforts to seem consistent to other

 

 

76) Delay of gratification is easier if

 

1. A) the child sees models who delay their own B) the rewards are visible.
2. C) the child thinks about how good the reward D) all of the above

 

 

77) Bandura and colleagues demonstrated that children can learn                  

through modeling.

 

1. A) arbitrary playful behaviors
2. B) performance standards
3. C) aggression
4. D) all of the above

 

 

78) In his studies of film-mediated aggression, children watched models behave aggressively toward

 

1. A)
2. B) a Bobo C) animals.
3. D) other

 

 

79) In his studies of aggressive behavior, Bandura found that

 

1. A) children increased their aggression if the model was punished for being ag- gressive.
2. B) children stopped their aggression if it led to physical injury. C) boys were more aggressive than
3. D) children imitated live models, but not models seen on

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

80) Kelly’s concept of                helps understand unconscious and emotional experience.

 

1. A) preemption
2. B) constructive alternativism
3. C) preverbal constructs
4. D) the Dichotomy Corollary

 

 

81) According to Sherry, “Most people are selfish.” Her therapist asks her, “What are the other people like, the ones who are not selfish?” The therapist is ask- ing about the                      .

 

1. A) concrete construct
2. B) contrast pole C) likeness pole D) core construct

 

 

82) ”Slot-movement” refers to

 

1. A) role changes, such as moving from being a student to being an B) gambling.
2. C) radical changes, such as from atheist to “born-again ” D) a method for scoring personality tests.

 

83) What is the third phase of the C-P-C cycle? A) calibration

1. B) control
2. C) circumspection
3. D) counting

 

 

84) In order to have a relationship with someone, according to Kelly’s Sociality

Corollary, you must

 

1. A) have the same personal B) mutually trust one another.
2. C) mutually respect one another.
3. D) understand that person’s construct system (or be understood by that person).

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

85) When people are emotionally disturbed or criminals, Rogers blamed

 

1. A) bad genetic B) their parents.
2. C) social
3. D) them for a lack of will power.

 

 

86) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fully functioning person, according to Rogers?

 

1. A) creativity
2. B) openness to experience
3. C) the experience of freedom
4. D) adaptation to others’ expectations

 

 

87) Which of the following was not one of the characteristics of a fully function- ing person listed by Rogers?

 

1. A) creativity
2. B) existential living
3. C) openness to experience
4. D) social interest

 

 

88) Rogers called his therapeutic method

 

1. A) self-actualization therapy. B) revised
2. C) client-centered therapy. D) individualized therapy.

 

 

89) A person who is “metamotivated”

 

1. A) is in the middle of the need hierarchy.
2. B) is passive and receptive, rather than
3. C) feels determined by forces beyond his or her D) is trying to restore homeostasis.

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

90) Which of the following characteristics is typical of D-love?

 

1. A) facilitation of each partner’s growth
2. B) independence for both partners
3. C) jealousy
4. D) self-actualization

 

91) Maslow described self-actualized people as thinking like a(n) A) psychologist.

1. B) C) scientist. D) artist.

 

 

92) People who score high on self-actualization are also likely to score high on various measures of

 

1. A) mental B) mental health. C) sexual guilt.
2. D) alcohol

 

 

93) Karma refers to

 

1. A) intentional, willful activity.
2. B) the selfless ideal of
3. C) good or bad consequences for our D) detachment.

 

 

94) Buddhism describes               moments of perception.

 

A)	25
B)	5
C)	17
D)	10

 

 

95) Attending to the first levels in the moments of perception (those things that are below traditional levels of conscious attention) is called                 .

 

1. A) anatta
2. B) perceptual yearning C) focused awareness D) pure awareness

 

 

Final Examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

96) Uri has been meditating for many years. What is likely true about his psycho logical state?

 

1. A) He has low levels of ego development B) He has higher moral reasoning C) He has a constant identity crisis.
2. D) He lacks coping

 

 

97) Which of the following theorists described personality adjustment as “devel- oping to your full potential”?

 

1. A) Freud B) Cattell C) Horney D) Maslow

 

 

98) One value that some people seek in personality theory, but that is not listed by the text as a criterion of a good theory, is

 

1. A) applied
2. B) optimism about human C) comprehensiveness.
3. D) verifiability.

 

99) Rogers’s “actualizing tendency” is based upon a(n)               metaphor. A) mechanistic

1. B) information processing
2. C) organic
3. D) political

 

 

100) The approach that advocates combining various theories into one systematic whole is called

 

1. A)
2. B) unified theory. C)
3. D) none of the above