Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.

This is a 40-question final examination. Each question is worth 0.25 point.

1. Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.
2. a blood gas; blood clots
3. the liquid portion of blood; the cells
4. lacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolality
5. the cellular portion of blood; acellular components
6. mostly protein; the matrix
7. Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?

   a.    erythrocyte

8. reticulocyte
9. thrombocyte
10. monocyte
11. leukocyte
12. In the platelet release reaction,
13. factor XII is activated
14. ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated
15. activated platelets are connected by fibrinogen
16. prostaglandin production is inhibited
17. platelets convert to fibrin
18. On the diagram of RBC production, what does “A” represent?

    a.     increased blood oxygen

19. decreased blood oxygen
20. erythropoietin
21. kidney
22. red bone marrow
23. The heart
24. is a four-chambered muscular pump
25. is posterior to the trachea
26. is lined with an epithelial layer called epicardium
27. lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum
28. has a superior apex and an inferior base
29. Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.
30. Aorta
31. right atrium
32. pulmonary trunk
33. pulmonary arteries
34. pulmonary veins
35. Which of the following is mismatched?

    a.    opening of sodium fast channels – depolarization

36. closing of calcium slow channels – plateau phase
37. opening of potassium channels – rapid repolarization
38. closure of sodium channels – early repolarization
39. opening of calcium slow channels – plateau phase
40. Turbulence of blood flow through the aortic valve would give rise to

    a.    the first heart sound

41. the second heart sound
42. a heart murmur
43. an extra heart beat
44. end-systolic volume
45. Identify structure “A” on the heart diagram.
46. left atrium
47. aortic semilunar valve
48. bicuspid (mitral) valve
49. right atrium
50. pulmonary semilunar valve
51. Systemic blood vessels transport blood

    a.    from the left ventricle through the body to the left atrium

52. from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium
53. from the right ventricle through the body to the left atrium
54. from the right ventricle through the body to the right atrium
55. from the left ventricle to the lungs
56. Veins

    a.    carry blood away from the heart

57. carry blood under very high pressure
58. may contain valves and are lined with endothelium
59. are described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated blood
60. have thick, many layered walls
61. Veins that return blood directly to the heart include the

    a.    brachiocephalic vein

62. superior vena cava
63. portal vein
64. azygos vein
65. pulmonary arteries
66. When the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel,

    a.     there is hypertension

67. there is an increase in blood flow
68. there is an increase in peripheral resistance
69. the vessel collapses
70. the vessel expands
71. The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that

    a.    the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues

72. the lymphatic vessels have their own “pump” to assist flow
73. lymph capillaries do not contain any fluid
74. lymph capillaries allow free movement of fluid in and out of the capillaries
75. lymph circulates fluids and cardiovascular does not
76. The structure in the thymus that prevents foreign substances from entering the thymus is the
77. thymic corpuscle barrier
78. blood-thymic barrier
79. surface membrane barrier
80. capsular barrier
81. thymic filter
82. Adaptive immunity is stimulated by

    a.    Antigens

83. Histamines
84. Antibodies
85. Complement
86. plasma proteins
87. What does “A” represent on the diagram?

    a.    spleen

88. thymus
89. axillary lymph node
90. inguinal lymph node
91. thoracic duct
92. Ventilation refers to the

    a.    movement of air into and out of the lungs

93. gas exchange between the blood and the tissues
94. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
95. gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood
96. respiration at the cellular level
97. Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation:

    1: alveolar ducts

    

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    2: alveolus

    3: respiratory bronchiole

    4: terminal bronchiole

    a.    1, 2, 3, 4

98. 2, 1, 3, 4
99. 4, 3, 1, 2
100. 3, 2, 1, 4
101. 4, 3, 2, 1
102. Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
103. in the form of bicarbonate ions.
104. bound to carbamino compounds.
105. dissolved in the plasma.
106. by the leukocytes.
107. in the form of carbonic acid.
108. The diagram illustrates the major regulatory mechanisms of ventilation. What mechanism does “B” represent?
109. Hering-Breuer reflex
110. receptors for touch, temperature, pain stimuli
111. medullary chemoreceptors
112. carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
113. proprioceptors
114. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
115. cellular respiration
116. food selection
117. elimination of undigested food
118. regulation of blood pH
119. integration and coordination of other systems
120. The tongue
121. secretes saliva
122. lays a major role in swallowing
123. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues
124. is attached to the hard palate
125. functions in deglutition apnea
126. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
127. muscularis – two layers; both circular
128. rugae – folds of mucosa and submucosa
129. mucosa – gastric glands
130. gastric pits – open onto surface of stomach mucosa
131. lining – simple columnar epithelium
132. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
133. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum
134. bile from entering the duodenum
135. lymph from entering the jejunum
136. chyme from entering the ileum
137. chyme from entering the large intestine
138. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
139. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ
140. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ
141. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ
142. Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
143. All of these choices apply to the small intestine
144. The diagram illustrates an absorptive structure in the duodenum. What does “A” represent?
145. microvilli
146. epithelial cell
147. capillary
148. lacteal
149. villus
150. Nutrition includes the study of
151. the nutrients in foods
152. the body’s utilization of nutrients
153. how nutrients play a role in your body’s health
154. digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients
155. All of these choices are correct
156. Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue functions
157. to assist the body in temperature homeostasis
158. pads and protects
159. energy storage
160. insulates
161. All of these choices are correct
162. The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called
163. glucose
164. pyruvate
165. fat
166. ADP
167. ATP
168. The kidney functions in
169. preventing blood loss
170. white blood cell production
171. synthesis of vitamin E
172. excretion of nitrogenous wastes (such as urea)
173. production of the hormone aldosterone
174. The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
175. glomerulus.
176. ascending loop of Henle.
177. distal convoluted tubule.
178. proximal convoluted tubule.
179. descending loop of Henle.
180. Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule?
181. tubular pressure
182. capsular pressure
183. colloid osmotic pressure
184. glomerular capillary pressure
185. None of these choices is correct
186. Aldosterone targets cells in the
187. proximal convoluted tubule.
188. loop of Henle.
189. distal convoluted tubule.
190. glomerulus.
191. collecting duct.
192. Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water?
193. plasma
194. interstitial compartment
195. intracellular compartment
196. extracellular compartment
197. lymph
198. Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because
199. baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion.
200. levated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion.
201. the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased.
202. aldosterone levels increase.
203. baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion.
204. Calcitonin
205. promotes the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract.
206. promotes osteoclast activity in the bones.
207. reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys.
208. reduces extracellular calcium ion levels.
209. increases blood calcium levels.
210. The location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotum
211. allows more room for other organs in the abdominal cavity.
212. keeps these organs close to the penis.
213. provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm development.
214. keeps them isolated from the accessory glands of the system.
215. helps to protect them.
216. Shortly after ovulation,
217. the granulosa cells become corpus luteum cells.
218. estrogen increases but progesterone decreases.
219. the level of LH rises even more than before ovulation.
220. GnRH receptors upregulate.
221. corpus luteum degenerates.
222. What does “C” on the diagram represent?
223. vagina
224. cervix
225. uterus
226. ovary
227. uterine tube